Indwara zo kwangirika kw'imitsi(NDDs) zirangwa no gutakaza buhoro buhoro cyangwa guhoraho kw'imitsi yihariye y'ubwonko mu bwonko cyangwa mu ruti rw'umugongo. Ishyirwa mu byiciro rya NDD rishobora gushingira ku bipimo bitandukanye, harimo ikwirakwizwa ry'imiterere y'ubwonko (nk'indwara zo hanze ya piramidi, kwangirika kw'imbere mu gihe cy'impinja, cyangwa ataxias ya spinocerebellar), ubusembwa bw'ibanze bwa molekile (nka amyloid-β, prions, tau, cyangwa α-synuclein), cyangwa ibimenyetso by'ingenzi by'ubuvuzi (nk'indwara ya Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, na dementia). Nubwo hari itandukaniro mu byiciro no kugaragaza ibimenyetso, indwara nka Parkinson's Disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), na Alzheimer's Disease (AD) zisangiye inzira zimwe zituma habaho kudakora neza kw'imitsi no gupfa kw'uturemangingo.
Kubera ko abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni ku isi bibasiwe n’indwara zandura, Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima uteganya ko mu mwaka wa 2040, izi ndwara zizaba ari zo ndwara ya kabiri itera impfu mu bihugu byateye imbere. Nubwo hari uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvura no kugabanya ibimenyetso bifitanye isano n’indwara runaka, uburyo bwiza bwo kugabanya cyangwa gukiza indwara buracyari ikibazo gikomeye. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwerekana ko hari impinduka mu buryo bwo kuvura kuva ku gukoresha uburyo bwo kwirinda ibimenyetso gusa kugeza ku gukoresha uburyo bwo kurinda uturemangingo kugira ngo hirindwe ko habaho kwangirika kurushaho. Ibimenyetso byinshi bigaragaza ko stress ya oxidative n’ububyimbirwe bigira uruhare runini mu kwangirika kw’imitsi, bigashyira ubwo buryo nk’intego z’ingenzi zo kurinda uturemangingo. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ubushakashatsi bw’ibanze n’ubw’ubuvuzi bwagaragaje ubushobozi bwa Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) mu kuvura indwara zandura imitsi.
Gusobanukirwa uburyo bwo kuvura umwuka wa ogisijeni ukabije (HBOT)
Ubusanzwe HBOT isaba kongera umuvuduko ugera hejuru ya 1 absolute atmosphere (ATA) - umuvuduko wo ku rwego rw'inyanja - mu gihe cy'iminota 90-120, akenshi bigasaba imyitozo myinshi bitewe n'indwara runaka iri kuvurwa. Umuvuduko wo mu kirere wongerewe utuma ogisijeni igera ku turemangingo, ibi bikaba bitera kwiyongera kw'uturemangingo kandi bikongera inzira zo gukira zishingiye ku bintu bimwe na bimwe bikura.
Mbere na mbere, ikoreshwa rya HBOT ryari rishingiye ku itegeko rya Boyle-Marriott, rigaragaza ko kugabanya umwuka uva mu mwuka bitewe n’umuvuduko, hamwe n’inyungu zo kugira umwuka mwinshi wa ogisijeni mu ngingo. Hari indwara zitandukanye zizwiho kungukira ku miterere ya HBOT, harimo ingirabuzimafatizo zirimo imirasire, imvune ziterwa n’imirasire, ihungabana, ubushye, indwara yo mu gice cy’umubiri, na gangrene iterwa n’umwuka, n’izindi zanditswe n’ishyirahamwe ry’abaganga bo mu nyanja n’abarwaye indwara zandurira mu mazi. Cyane cyane, HBOT yagaragaje ko ari ingirakamaro nk’umuti w’inyongera mu ndwara zitandukanye ziterwa n’ububyimbirwe cyangwa indwara zandura, nka colitis na sepsis. Bitewe n’uburyo bwayo bwo kurwanya ububyimbirwe no kugabanya ububyimbirwe, HBOT itanga ubushobozi bunini nk’inzira yo kuvura indwara ziterwa n’ububyimbirwe bw’imitsi.
Inyigo z’ibanze ku buvuzi bwa ogisijeni ikabije mu ndwara zitera indwara z’ubwonko: Ibisobanuro bivuye ku gishushanyo cya 3 × Tg cy’imbeba
Imwe mu nyigo zizwi cyaneyibanze ku gipimo cya 3 × Tg cy’indwara ya Alzheimer (AD), cyagaragaje ubushobozi bwa HBOT mu kuvura mu koroshya ibibazo byo mu mutwe. Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe ku mbeba z’abagabo zifite amezi 17 zifite 3 × Tg ugereranije n’imbeba z’abagabo zifite amezi 14 zifite C57BL/6 zikora nk’igenzura. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko HBOT itarushijeho kunoza imikorere y’ubwonko gusa ahubwo inagabanya cyane ububyimbirwe, plaque load, na Tau phosphorylation—inzira y’ingenzi ijyanye n’indwara ya AD.
Ingaruka zo kurinda HBOT zatewe no kugabanuka k'ububyimbirwe bw'imitsi. Ibi byagaragajwe no kugabanuka k'ubwiyongere bw'uturemangingo duto tw'ingirabuzimafatizo, astrogliosis, no gusohora kwa cytokine zitera ububyimbirwe. Ibi byavumbuwe bishimangira uruhare rubiri rwa HBOT mu kongera ubushobozi bwo gutekereza mu gihe kimwe bigabanya uburyo bwo kubyimbirwa bw'imitsi bujyanye n'indwara ya Alzheimer.
Indi moderi mbere yo kuvura yakoresheje imbeba za 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) kugira ngo basuzume uburyo bwo kurinda bwa HBOT ku mikorere y'imitsi n'ubushobozi bwo gutwara. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko HBOT yagize uruhare mu kongera imikorere y'imitsi n'imbaraga zo gufata muri izi mbeba, bifitanye isano no kwiyongera kw'ibimenyetso bya mitochondrial biogenesis, cyane cyane binyuze mu gukora kwa SIRT-1, PGC-1α, na TFAM. Ibi bigaragaza uruhare runini rw'imikorere ya mitochondrial mu ngaruka za HBOT zo kurinda imitsi.
Uburyo HBOT ikoresha mu kuvura indwara ziterwa n'ubwonko
Ihame ry’ibanze ryo gukoresha HBOT kuri NDDs riri mu isano iri hagati yo kugabanuka k’umwuka wa ogisijeni no kuba umuntu ashobora guhura n’impinduka mu mikorere y’ubwonko. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) igira uruhare runini nk’ikintu gifasha ingirabuzimafatizo kwihuza n’umwuka wa ogisijeni nke kandi byagaragaye ko byagize uruhare mu ndwara zitandukanye ziterwa na NDDs harimo AD, PD, Huntington's Disease, na ALS, ibi bikaba ari ikintu cy’ingenzi mu miti.
Bitewe nuko gusaza ari ikintu gikomeye gishobora gutera indwara nyinshi zo kwangirika kw'imitsi, gusuzuma ingaruka za HBOT ku mikorere y'ubwonko ishaje ni ingenzi cyane. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko HBOT ishobora kongera ubushobozi bwo gutekereza buterwa n'izabukuru mu bantu bakuze bafite ubuzima bwiza.Byongeye kandi, abarwayi bageze mu za bukuru bafite ubumuga bukomeye bwo kwibuka bagaragaje iterambere mu bwenge no kwiyongera kw'amaraso yo mu bwonko nyuma yo kwandura HBOT.
1. Ingaruka za HBOT ku kubyimba no kugabanya umuvuduko w'amaraso mu mubiri
HBOT yagaragaje ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ububabare bw'ubwonko ku barwayi bafite ikibazo gikomeye cy'ubwonko. Ifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya cytokines zitera ububabare (nka IL-1β, IL-12, TNFα, na IFNγ) mu gihe yongera cytokines zirwanya ububabare (nka IL-10). Abashakashatsi bamwe bavuga ko ubwoko bwa ogisijeni bukora neza (ROS) bukorwa na HBOT bugira ingaruka nziza nyinshi z'ubuvuzi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, uretse igikorwa cyayo cyo kugabanya umuvuduko no kugera ku mwuka mwinshi wa ogisijeni mu mubiri, ingaruka nziza zijyanye na HBOT zishingiye ku ruhare rwa ROS ikora.
2. Ingaruka za HBOT ku ndwara ya Apoptosis no kurengera imikorere y'ubwonko
Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko HBOT ishobora kugabanya phosphorylation ya hippocampal ya p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) muri hippocampal, nyuma yaho ikarushaho kunoza ubushobozi bwo gutekereza no kugabanya kwangirika kwa hippocampal. Byagaragaye ko HBOT ubwayo hamwe n'ibikomoka kuri Ginkgo biloba bigabanya imikorere ya Bax n'imikorere ya caspase-9/3, bigatuma igipimo cyo kubura umwuka mu mbeba giterwa na aβ25-35 kigabanuka. Byongeye kandi, ubundi bushakashatsi bwerekanye ko HBOT ifasha mu guhangana n'indwara yo kubura umwuka mu bwonko, hamwe n'uburyo bwo kwiyongera kwa SIRT1, hamwe n'urugero rwa B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) hamwe no kugabanuka kwa caspase-3 ikora, bishimangira imiterere ya HBOT yo kurinda ubwonko no kurwanya apoptotic.
3. Ingaruka za HBOT ku kuzenguruka kw'amaraso noUbushobozi bw'imitsi
Gushyira abantu kuri HBOT byagize ingaruka nyinshi ku mitsi yo mu mutwe, harimo kongera uburyo amaraso yinjira mu bwonko, guteza imbere uburyo bwo gutera amaraso mu bwonko, no kugabanya kubyimba. Uretse gutanga umwuka mwinshi wa ogisijeni ku ngingo, HBOTbitera imitsi y'amaraso kwiremabinyuze mu gukora ibintu bihindura imiterere y'amaraso nk'ikintu gitera imitsi gukura no gukangura ikwirakwira ry'uturemangingo tw'imitsi.
4. Ingaruka za HBOT mu bijyanye na epigenetike
Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko kwinjizwa kwa selile z’imitsi mito y’amaraso mu mubiri w’umuntu (HMEC-1) kuri ogisijeni ikabije bigenzura cyane imiterere y’uturemangingo 8.101, harimo n’ubwiyongere bw’imikorere y’uturemangingo n’ubwiyongere bw’imikorere y’uturemangingo, bigaragaza ukwiyongera kw’imikorere y’uturemangingo ijyanye n’inzira zo kurwanya antioxydants.
Umwanzuro
Ikoreshwa rya HBOT ryateye intambwe ikomeye uko igihe cyagiye gihita, bigaragaza ko iboneka, yizewe, kandi ko ifite umutekano mu buvuzi. Nubwo HBOT yasuzumwe nk'uburyo bwo kuvura indwara ziterwa n'indwara zitandura kandi hakaba harakozwe ubushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe, haracyakenewe cyane ubushakashatsi bukomeye kugira ngo habeho uburyo busanzwe bwo kuvura HBOT mu kuvura izi ndwara. Ubushakashatsi bw'inyongera ni ingenzi kugira ngo hamenyekane inshuro nziza zo kuvura no gusuzuma ingano y'ingaruka nziza ku barwayi.
Muri make, aho umwuka wa ogisijeni ukabije n’indwara zo mu bwonko zihurira bigaragaza ko hari amahirwe menshi yo kuvura, bityo bikaba bikwiye gukomeza ubushakashatsi no kwemezwa mu nzego z’ubuvuzi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-16-2025